Despite continued debate about the weight of these promises, archival documents from the time showed that these officials’ Soviet, and later Russian, counterparts believed them. Soviet and Russian officials repeatedly expressed concerns about NATO expanding eastward toward its borders, and American officials offered verbal assurances that NATO would not expand into Eastern Europe. While this stage of open war between Russia and Ukraine began relatively recently, the roots of the conflict extend back to the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Russia and Ukraine at war: The deep roots of the conflict and its NATO allies want to see Russia fail, the alliance’s deepening involvement has led to serious concerns about the potential for escalation of the conflict, including to the nuclear level. In many ways, the conflict has become a proxy war between the U.S.-led West and Russia. Though Ukraine is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United States, along with its European allies, have become heavily involved in the conflict, sending tens of billions of dollars in economic and military aid, as well as intelligence sharing. In short, the Russo-Ukrainian war has been the deadliest in Europe since World War II. Since then, an estimated 40,000 Ukrainian civilians have been killed to date, millions more have been displaced, and both Ukraine and Russia have likely suffered over one hundred thousand troops killed as the war has dragged on. In February 2022, the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine in what it called a “special military operation.” What followed was full-scale war of aggression.
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